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The Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars ((ドイツ語:Preußisches Nationaldenkmal für die Befreiungskriege)) is a war memorial in Berlin, Germany, dedicated in 1821. Built by the Prussian king during the sectionalism before the Unification of Germany it is the principal German monument to the Prussian soldiers and other citizens who died in or else dedicated their health and wealth for the Liberation Wars (Befreiungskriege) fought at the end of the Wars of the Sixth and in that of the Seventh Coalition against France in the course of the Napoleonic Wars. Frederick William III of Prussia initiated its construction and commissioned the Prussian Karl Friedrich Schinkel who made it an important piece of art in cast iron, his last piece of Romantic Neo-Gothic architecture and an expression of the post-Napoleonic poverty and material sobriety in the liberated countries.〔Sibylle Badstübner-Gröger, Michael Bollé, Ralph Paschke et al., ''Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkmäler / Georg Dehio'', see references for bibliographical details, p. 267. ISBN 3-422-03071-9.〕 The monument is located on the Kreuzberg hill in the Victoria Park in the Tempelhofer Vorstadt, a region within Berlin's borough of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg. The monument was conceived at a time of deteriorating relations between the reactionaries and the reformers of the civic movement within Prussia. The monument is of cast iron, a technique en vogue at the time. Its younger socket brick building is faced with grey Silesian granite and was designed by the Prussian architect Heinrich Strack and realised by the Prussian engineer Johann Wilhelm Schwedler. Its centerpiece is a tapering turret of 60 Prussian feet (), resembling the spire tops of Gothic churches.〔"Gross gedacht und klein geraten: Berlins Kreuzbergdenkmal wurde deshalb zum eindrucksvollen Zeugnis deutscher und preußischer Geschichte", in: ''monumente'', Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz (ed.), No. 1/2 (1997), p. 30.〕 ==Dedication== On the eastern side of the monument under the memorial inscription for the Battle of Großgörschen (aka Lützen) there is the dedication: "The King Frederick William III of Prussia dedicated to the people, which at his call magnanimously offered its wealth and health for the fatherland, to the fallen in memoriam, to the living with acknowledgement, to the future generations for emulation."〔In the German original: "Der Koenig dem Volke | das auf seinen Ruf hochherzig | Gut und Blut dem Vater= | lande darbrachte den Gefal= | lenen zum Gedaechtniß den | Lebenden zur Anerken= | nung den künftigen Geschlech= | tern zur Nacheiferung". Cf. Michael Nungesser, ''Das Denkmal auf dem Kreuzberg von Karl Friedrich Schinkel'', see references for bibliographical details, p. 48. ISBN 3-922912-19-2.〕 This dedication is authored by August Boeckh, who was member of the philosophical class of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, commissioned to write it.〔Michael Nungesser, ''Das Denkmal auf dem Kreuzberg von Karl Friedrich Schinkel'', see references for bibliographical details, p. 50. ISBN 3-922912-19-2.〕 Frederick William III had rejected three alternative proposals by the philosophical class.〔 This dedication is difficult, because it was not the king, who had called his people, it were stubborn people, commoners and rather second rank bureaucrats, militaries and aristocrats who had stolen a march on the king. People, who had earlier welcomed and benefited from Napoleon's reforms and the like more in other nations inspired by the ideals of emancipating commoners as citizens, started to resist when he betrayed these ideals, levied heaviest compulsory contributions for his insatiable expansionist warfare, impoverished the people, let alone the many men whose deathes he caused in action.〔Michael Nungesser, ''Das Denkmal auf dem Kreuzberg von Karl Friedrich Schinkel'', see references for bibliographical details, p. 20. ISBN 3-922912-19-2.〕 In the same time the blocus, a measurement against free trade, provided French industry with the continent, being a reservation unreachable for British competitors, and delivering the other nations also to French economic supremacy.〔 In 1813 the defeated and intimidated king, forced into a coalition with France since 1812,〔Ferdinand Pflug, "Aus den Zeiten der schweren Noth. Nr. 8. Der Landtag zu Königsberg und die Errichtung der Landwehr", in: ''Die Gartenlaube'' (1863), Heft 3-4, pp. 44–56, here p. 44.〕 refrained to take his chance to shake off the French supremacy in the wake of Napoleon's defeats in Russia. Ludwig Yorck, commanding the Prussian units supporting the French, had declared their neutrality towards the Russians without royal accord. In early 1813 irregular units, guerrillas lacking royal accord, formed who swore their allegiance to the fatherland, but not to the king.〔Michael Nungesser, ''Das Denkmal auf dem Kreuzberg von Karl Friedrich Schinkel'', see references for bibliographical details, p. 21. ISBN 3-922912-19-2.〕 And on 7 February 1813 the East Prussian estates unanimously voted for financing, recruiting and equipping a militia army (Landwehr) of 20,000 men, plus 10,000 in reserve, out of their funds following a proposal designed by Yorck, Clausewitz and Stein. The hesitant king could not stop this anymore, but only approve it on March 17 in his address ''An mein Volk'' (To my people).〔Michael Nungesser, ''Das Denkmal auf dem Kreuzberg von Karl Friedrich Schinkel'', see references for bibliographical details, p. 29. ISBN 3-922912-19-2.〕〔 However, this civic act of initiating Prussia's participation in the War of the Sixth Coalition was not thanked by the monarch, who again and again protracted his promise of 22 May 1815 to introduce a parliament and a constitution for all the monarchy.〔 However, by the German Federal Act of 8 June 1815, establishing the German Confederation, the assembled monarchs had even conceded themselves the privilege to suppress the civic rights again and to reverse all reforms which had done away with feudalism.〔 So on 21 March 1819, Frederick Willam III even forbade his subjects to address any further petitions as to fulfilling his promise.〔 The dedication mentions the magnanimosity of the people which stood in blatant contrast to the king's reluctance. The reaction prevailed. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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